Everything about The March Of Carinthia totally explained
The
March of Carinthia was a
frontier district (march) of the
Carolingian Empire created in 889. Before it was a march, it was a duchy and before that it was divided into counties. Before it was subdivided, it had been ruled by native-born Slavic princes at first independently and then under Bavarian and subsequently Frankish suzerainty. It was raised into a
Duchy in 976.
Background
In 745,
Carantania, an independent Slavic principality, with the growth of the
Avar threat, submitted to
Odilo of Bavaria, himself a vassal of the
Franks. With this, the Bavarian frontier was extended and Odilo's son,
Tassilo III, began the Christianisation of the Slavic tribes beyond the
Enns. In 788,
Charlemagne fully integrated the territory of Carinthia (Carantania) into the
Frankish Empire by making it a part of the extended
Duchy of Friuli, along with the
March of Istria. Under him, missionary work increased, especially through the
Archdiocese of Salzburg.
Between 819 and 823, the native Slavic population supported
Ljudevit Posavski in revolt against Frankish overlordship. Ibi In 827, the
Bulgars attacked Carinthia and, in 828,
Louis the Pious reorganised Friuli into four counties, the two northernmost of which — Carinthia and Lower Pannonia — were detached from the
Italian kingdom and incorporated into Bavaria.
Louis,
King of Bavaria, reorganised Carinthia into Frankish counties soon after. The division of Carinthia may have occurred as early as before 819 or perhaps simultaneously with division of Friuli. Before this, the Carinthians were still ruled by native dukes. The new comital administration was mixed Bavarian-Slavic.
Carloman and Arnulf
The territory remained within the Bavarian kingdom of Louis. In 855,
Radbod,
Prefect of the
Ostmark, was deposed for unfaithfulness and
Rastislav,
Duke of Great Moravia, rebelled against
East Frankish suzerainty. In place of Radbod, Louis appointed his eldest son
Carloman (856). Carloman took control of the other eastern marches, Carinthia and
Pannonia, and in 858 campaigned heavily against Rastislav, forcing him to come to terms. In 861,
Pabo, margrave of Carinthia, rebelled with his counts and Carloman replaced him with
Gundachar. In 863, Louis, fearing a filial rebellion, invaded Carinthia, Carloman's home base. Gundachar went over to the king with a large army he'd been given to command the defence of the
Schwarza. Consequently, Carloman was captured and deprived of his prefecture, which was bestowed on Gundachar.
When Carloman reconciled with his father and was created King of Bavaria, he granted Carinthia to his son by a Carinthian concubine,
Arnulf. Arnulf kept his seat at
Moosburg (Mosapurc) and the Carinthians treated him as their native duke. After Carloman was incapacitated by a stroke in 879,
Louis the Younger inherited Bavaria and confirmed Arnulf in Carinthia by an agreement with Carloman. Bavaria, however, was ruled more or less by Arnulf. Arnulf had ruled Bavaria during the summer and autumn of 879 while his father arranged his succession and he himself was granted "Pannonia," in the words of the
Annales Fuldenses, or "Carantanum," in the words of
Regino of Prüm.
March
After he in turn became
King of all East Francia, Arnulf created a march of Carinthia. Alongside it were the marches of Istria,
Austria, and
Carniola. The southernmost marches, Carinthia and Carniola, were especially susceptible to
Magyar raids. In 901, just two years after their first contact with western Europe, Carinthia was ravaged by the
Magyars. In 952, Carinthia was placed under the
Duchy of Bavaria, as were Carniola, Istria, and
Friuli.
The march's major cities were
Friesach and
Villach. Sometime during the course of the tenth century, a so-called
Carantanian march (called the "march of Carinthia" because it was the march [iefrontier district] of the new Carinthian duchy) broke off of Carinthia. The Carantanian march was later to become the
Duchy of Styria. The only known Carinthian margrave from this period — though many counts are known — is
Markward III, who was a
preses de Carinthia.
In 976, the
Emperor Otto II made his nephew
Otto I Duke of Bavaria and separated the Carinthian march and the other marches from the duchy. He made Carinthia a duchy for the
Liutpoldinger Henry, who acted as a sort of "chief of the border police," controlling Istria, Friuli, and Carniola.
Sources
- Semple, Ellen Churchill. "The Barrier Boundary of the Mediterranean Basin and Its Northern Breaches as Factors in History."
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 5. (1915), pp 27-59.
- Reuter, Timothy (trans.) The Annals of Fulda. (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
- Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991.
- MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2003.
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